A Bend in the River
Author: VS Naipaul 416 pp
My rating: 4*
Started June 10 2009, Finished June 15 2009.
At once an homage to Heart of Darkness, a portrait of recently post-colonial Africa and an exploration of one of Naipaul’s major themes, the lot the descendents of Diaspora Indians, this novel partially compensates for lacking the humor of Naipaul’s other masterpiece, A House For Mr. Biswas, with an unrelentingly ominous tone. The characters are not as fleshed out or human identifiable as those in Biswas, but the prose is more forceful -- at times I felt like I should underline the entire book. The book seems to be set in a fictionalized Congo/Zaire in the period just after that nation and most of sub-Saharan Africa became independent nations; it is notably depressing to think that the nation which in the book is depicted as almost completely non-functional and on the brink anarchy, has gone steadily down hill since Bend was published..
Though Father Huismans knew so much about African religion and went such trouble to collect his pieces, I never felt that he was concerned about Africans in any other way; he seemed indifferent to the state of the country. (90)
Who wanted philosophy or faith for the good times? We could all cope with the good times. It was for the bad that we had to be equipped. And here in Africa, none of us were as well equipped as the Africans. (105)
This was how the place worked on you: you never knew what to think or feel. Fear or shame -- there seemed to be nothing in between. (112)
In a strongly Kurtzian echo, Raymond says of the president, “He is a truly remarkable man.” (198) In HOD, Kurtz is referred to at least five times as a “remarkable man”.
Bringing to mind Marlowe’s “inconclusive experiences” in HOD, Salim remarks “our interview ended inconclusively”. (214)
Indar’s interview in London brings to mind Marlowe’s in Brussels. (218)
It isn’t that there’s no right and wrong here. There’s no right. (286-7)
You mustn’t think it’s bad just for you. It’s bad for everybody. That’s the terrible thing. It’s bad for Prosper, bad for the man they gave your shop to, bad for everybody. Nobody’s going anywhere. We’re all going to hell, and every man knows this in his bones. (408)
Sunday, June 21, 2009
Thursday, June 4, 2009
Eating the Sun
Eating the Sun
Author: Oliver Morton 2008 412 pp
My rating: 3.5*
Started April 7 2009, Finished May 12 2009.
This book is primarily a history of human understanding of photosynthesis, though it also is substantially concerned with how photosynthesis has shaped the planet. I thought too much of the book was devoted to the scientific personalities in the arena and not enough to clearly and simply explaining the intricacies of photosynthesis itself; the author tends to explain a breakthrough then cover many pages discussing various tangential issues leading up to the next big discovery which caused me to lose track of the what was important and greatly diluted my understanding of the fundamentals. Despite the fact that reviews state that the scientific explanations are directed to the layman, I still had a hard time keeping everything straight, but then biology was always a weak subject for me. Nonetheless, I understood enough of the details to realize that the unlikelihood of a system as complex as photosynthesis developing randomly is so great as to prompt even an affirmed non-believer to consider the possibility of a greater power pulling the strings. The end of the book addresses human induced climate change which the author indicates is beyond dispute and if left to its current trajectory, will have a severe negative impact on the sustainability of human society; he doesn’t feel the situation is hopeless though, envisioning Manhattan Project type effort to engineer new photo-synthesizing, carbon-sequestering organisms.
Extinctions may remove species and shapes and behaviors, but they do little if anything to biochemical possibilities. (266)
Today’s carbon-dioxide level is 381 parts per million. Bob Berner’s Geocarb model suggests that the carbon-dioxide level was more than three times that for almost all the time the dinosaurs walked the earth. (282)
The average duration of a mammalian species in the fossil record is just a million years. (310)
Nitrogen fertilization is largely responsible for increases in average cereal yield from 750kg per hectare in 1900 to 2.7 tonnes per hectare today. (353)
Author: Oliver Morton 2008 412 pp
My rating: 3.5*
Started April 7 2009, Finished May 12 2009.
This book is primarily a history of human understanding of photosynthesis, though it also is substantially concerned with how photosynthesis has shaped the planet. I thought too much of the book was devoted to the scientific personalities in the arena and not enough to clearly and simply explaining the intricacies of photosynthesis itself; the author tends to explain a breakthrough then cover many pages discussing various tangential issues leading up to the next big discovery which caused me to lose track of the what was important and greatly diluted my understanding of the fundamentals. Despite the fact that reviews state that the scientific explanations are directed to the layman, I still had a hard time keeping everything straight, but then biology was always a weak subject for me. Nonetheless, I understood enough of the details to realize that the unlikelihood of a system as complex as photosynthesis developing randomly is so great as to prompt even an affirmed non-believer to consider the possibility of a greater power pulling the strings. The end of the book addresses human induced climate change which the author indicates is beyond dispute and if left to its current trajectory, will have a severe negative impact on the sustainability of human society; he doesn’t feel the situation is hopeless though, envisioning Manhattan Project type effort to engineer new photo-synthesizing, carbon-sequestering organisms.
Extinctions may remove species and shapes and behaviors, but they do little if anything to biochemical possibilities. (266)
Today’s carbon-dioxide level is 381 parts per million. Bob Berner’s Geocarb model suggests that the carbon-dioxide level was more than three times that for almost all the time the dinosaurs walked the earth. (282)
The average duration of a mammalian species in the fossil record is just a million years. (310)
Nitrogen fertilization is largely responsible for increases in average cereal yield from 750kg per hectare in 1900 to 2.7 tonnes per hectare today. (353)
Monday, June 1, 2009
Panic
Author: Michael Lewis 2009 365 pp
My rating: 3.5*
Started May 25 2009, Finished May 31 2009.
This book contains selected articles from a variety of authors and sources covering the boom and bust arcs of the last four major financial panics: the October 1987 Wall Street Crash, the 1998 SE Asia financial implosion, the bursting of the internet stock bubble in 2000 and the 2008’s credit crunch (the last of which, unlike its predecessors, is still unresolved with no recovery as yet to be able to look back with relief from). While book suffers somewhat from a lack-of-effort, slapped-together, greatest-hits feel and the disparate nature of the selections prevent each section from building into a coherent unit, I still found it a useful and enjoyable read, particularly the later two sections. Lewis’ pieces consistently stand out as being more deliberative and humorous. The theme of the book seems to be that each crisis starts with a period of near-boundless optimism (“we’ve entered a new paradigm“) following by a shattering return to earth and a resolve that “we’ve learned our lessons and will never let this happen again” which is quickly forgotten or justified away.
On opening the morning after the ‘87 crash GE’s bid/ask spread was 45/65.
It was striking how little control we had of events, particularly in view of how assiduously we cultivated the appearance of being in charge by smoking big cigars and saying fuck all the time. (38)
The chapter from Lewis’ book about a meeting between Healtheon (Jim Clark’s post Netscape internet venture) management and Wall Street investment bankers is hilarious in a Bonfire Of The Vanities sort of way. The bankers spend the entire session in a state of awed befuddlement, no more so than after hearing the CIO’s incomprehensible explanation of the software development details of the Healtheon’s planned website when theWall Streeters are stunned to silence except for one who impresses his peers by using the word “platform” as tech jargon way when asking a simple question .
And that in the way is the point. If you can’t put one over on Lou Dobbs, who can you put one over on? (240)
Prescient passage from a 2002 Lewis article written after the tech bubble crash: … “Eliot Spitzer gets credit for cleaning up Wall Street, which neither he nor anyone else will ever do. (Just wait till the next boom.) “ (244)
A 2008 NYT article by Roger Lowenstein explaining how the ratings agencies contributed substantially to priming the credit bubble by assigning triple A ratings to CMOs and CDOs based on subprime loans is quite a revelation in that almost every aspect of the process seemed tilted towards inflated ratings.
Author: Michael Lewis 2009 365 pp
My rating: 3.5*
Started May 25 2009, Finished May 31 2009.
This book contains selected articles from a variety of authors and sources covering the boom and bust arcs of the last four major financial panics: the October 1987 Wall Street Crash, the 1998 SE Asia financial implosion, the bursting of the internet stock bubble in 2000 and the 2008’s credit crunch (the last of which, unlike its predecessors, is still unresolved with no recovery as yet to be able to look back with relief from). While book suffers somewhat from a lack-of-effort, slapped-together, greatest-hits feel and the disparate nature of the selections prevent each section from building into a coherent unit, I still found it a useful and enjoyable read, particularly the later two sections. Lewis’ pieces consistently stand out as being more deliberative and humorous. The theme of the book seems to be that each crisis starts with a period of near-boundless optimism (“we’ve entered a new paradigm“) following by a shattering return to earth and a resolve that “we’ve learned our lessons and will never let this happen again” which is quickly forgotten or justified away.
On opening the morning after the ‘87 crash GE’s bid/ask spread was 45/65.
It was striking how little control we had of events, particularly in view of how assiduously we cultivated the appearance of being in charge by smoking big cigars and saying fuck all the time. (38)
The chapter from Lewis’ book about a meeting between Healtheon (Jim Clark’s post Netscape internet venture) management and Wall Street investment bankers is hilarious in a Bonfire Of The Vanities sort of way. The bankers spend the entire session in a state of awed befuddlement, no more so than after hearing the CIO’s incomprehensible explanation of the software development details of the Healtheon’s planned website when theWall Streeters are stunned to silence except for one who impresses his peers by using the word “platform” as tech jargon way when asking a simple question .
And that in the way is the point. If you can’t put one over on Lou Dobbs, who can you put one over on? (240)
Prescient passage from a 2002 Lewis article written after the tech bubble crash: … “Eliot Spitzer gets credit for cleaning up Wall Street, which neither he nor anyone else will ever do. (Just wait till the next boom.) “ (244)
A 2008 NYT article by Roger Lowenstein explaining how the ratings agencies contributed substantially to priming the credit bubble by assigning triple A ratings to CMOs and CDOs based on subprime loans is quite a revelation in that almost every aspect of the process seemed tilted towards inflated ratings.
Monday, April 27, 2009
Word Freak
Word Freak
Author: Stefan Fatsis 2001 366 pp
My rating: 4*
Started March 23 2009, Finished March 31 2009.
Word Freak succeeds on multiple levels: as an exploration of the world of Scrabble which is accessible to those unfamiliar with the game and yet likely to be of interest to the devotee, as a character study of Scrabble geeks, characters all, who largely comprise its elite players and as a depiction of the weekend warrior which universalizes beyond the game of Scrabble itself to any recently acquired life-consuming, skill-based recreational obsession. The Scrabble aficionado will probably be most entertained by the book’s coverage of the game’s history, politics and strategy, though several rather detailed discussions of preparation approaches and word study might be a bit much for the casual reader. The character studies should have broad appeal and should be of particular interest to those who, to paraphrase Dylan, wonder what we do with our lives. Though I enjoyed those aspects of the book, I was most taken by Fatsis’ portrayal of his burgeoning obsession with the game and his Scrabble ranking; this weekend warrior strongly identified with the author’s emotional roller coaster that Fatsis put himself through overreacting to both successes and failures, one weekend delighted with his progress through the rankings, the next filled with self-castigation after the setback of a poor tournament performance.
I toted my Franklin, OSPD, and word lists to the Continent but didn’t study at all, which surely must be to my credit as a human being, if not as a Scrabble player. (78)
Maven tile ranking: blank s e x z r a h n c d m t I j k l p o y f b g w u v q (290)
Author: Stefan Fatsis 2001 366 pp
My rating: 4*
Started March 23 2009, Finished March 31 2009.
Word Freak succeeds on multiple levels: as an exploration of the world of Scrabble which is accessible to those unfamiliar with the game and yet likely to be of interest to the devotee, as a character study of Scrabble geeks, characters all, who largely comprise its elite players and as a depiction of the weekend warrior which universalizes beyond the game of Scrabble itself to any recently acquired life-consuming, skill-based recreational obsession. The Scrabble aficionado will probably be most entertained by the book’s coverage of the game’s history, politics and strategy, though several rather detailed discussions of preparation approaches and word study might be a bit much for the casual reader. The character studies should have broad appeal and should be of particular interest to those who, to paraphrase Dylan, wonder what we do with our lives. Though I enjoyed those aspects of the book, I was most taken by Fatsis’ portrayal of his burgeoning obsession with the game and his Scrabble ranking; this weekend warrior strongly identified with the author’s emotional roller coaster that Fatsis put himself through overreacting to both successes and failures, one weekend delighted with his progress through the rankings, the next filled with self-castigation after the setback of a poor tournament performance.
I toted my Franklin, OSPD, and word lists to the Continent but didn’t study at all, which surely must be to my credit as a human being, if not as a Scrabble player. (78)
Maven tile ranking: blank s e x z r a h n c d m t I j k l p o y f b g w u v q (290)
Sunday, April 19, 2009
Traffic
Traffic
Author: Tom Vanderbilt 2008 286 pp
My rating: 3*
Started March 8 2009, Finished March 23 2009.
I was disappointed by this book because I was expecting it to be about the design side of road systems when in fact it is much more concerned with the psychology of the driver. Overall the book much too long and he first 100 pages or so with their constant referral to scientific studies to explain every phenomenon were nearly self parodying. On the plus side it did have exceptionally thorough endnotes. One interesting concept introduced was that of “risk homeostasis” which explains why despite a steady stream of significant safety enhancements to automobiles e.g. airbags and anti-lock brakes, overall accident rates are not commensurately lower; the explanation is that since we feel safer in the improved cars, we allow ourselves to take more risks driving e.g. drive faster and talk on a cell phone.
Conventional wisdom of traffic engineers can be completely wrong. Example is that clearing roadsides of potential obstacles and distractions makes them safer; but studies have shown that accident rates can be higher on such stretches than on adjacent uncleared stretches. Theory is that drivers are more engaged in a more challenging environment which makes them drive slower and less complacent. (209-210)
Despite the signs often warning of large penalties for striking a worker (or pleas like SLOW DOWN, MY DADDY WORKS HERE), they are much more dangerous for the drivers passing through them than for the workers--some 85 percent of people killed in work zones are drivers or passengers.
DG: wrong conclusion--probably far more than 85 percent of the people in the construction zone are drivers so statistically construction zones are more dangerous for the drivers than the workers in them.
In 1969, nearly half of American children walk or bike to school; now just 16 percent do. (16)
So much time is spent in cars in the United States, studies show, that drivers (particularly men) have higher rates of skin cancer on their left sides. (17)
The junction of the San Diego and the Santa Monica freeways is the most congested in the United States. (114)
Author: Tom Vanderbilt 2008 286 pp
My rating: 3*
Started March 8 2009, Finished March 23 2009.
I was disappointed by this book because I was expecting it to be about the design side of road systems when in fact it is much more concerned with the psychology of the driver. Overall the book much too long and he first 100 pages or so with their constant referral to scientific studies to explain every phenomenon were nearly self parodying. On the plus side it did have exceptionally thorough endnotes. One interesting concept introduced was that of “risk homeostasis” which explains why despite a steady stream of significant safety enhancements to automobiles e.g. airbags and anti-lock brakes, overall accident rates are not commensurately lower; the explanation is that since we feel safer in the improved cars, we allow ourselves to take more risks driving e.g. drive faster and talk on a cell phone.
Conventional wisdom of traffic engineers can be completely wrong. Example is that clearing roadsides of potential obstacles and distractions makes them safer; but studies have shown that accident rates can be higher on such stretches than on adjacent uncleared stretches. Theory is that drivers are more engaged in a more challenging environment which makes them drive slower and less complacent. (209-210)
Despite the signs often warning of large penalties for striking a worker (or pleas like SLOW DOWN, MY DADDY WORKS HERE), they are much more dangerous for the drivers passing through them than for the workers--some 85 percent of people killed in work zones are drivers or passengers.
DG: wrong conclusion--probably far more than 85 percent of the people in the construction zone are drivers so statistically construction zones are more dangerous for the drivers than the workers in them.
In 1969, nearly half of American children walk or bike to school; now just 16 percent do. (16)
So much time is spent in cars in the United States, studies show, that drivers (particularly men) have higher rates of skin cancer on their left sides. (17)
The junction of the San Diego and the Santa Monica freeways is the most congested in the United States. (114)
Friday, March 13, 2009
Female Chauvinist Pigs
Female Chauvinist Pigs
Author: Ariel Levy 2005 200 pp
My rating: 3*
Started February 22 2009, Finished February 22 2009.
This flawed book probes an interesting subject: how the gains of the feminist movement have degenerated to widespread female complicity in raunch/porn culture. The book’s main shortcoming is that it feels like a loosely connected series of magazine articles (Levy writes for New York and The New Yorker) that don’t build on each other and some of which only tangentially bear on the topic. Nonetheless, the better chapters do provide insight into the phenomenon of the current generation of you-can-be-anything-you-want women routinely choosing to employ that freedom to objectify themselves in order to gain the attention of traditionally unenlightened males. The introductory section on the Girls Gone Wild videos and the chapter about an upscale prep school in the Bay Area are the standouts. Off topic (though non necessarily uninteresting chapters) include a discussion of first generation feminists and an overview of the eye-openingly bizarre lesbian scene in San Francisco its members classifying themselves as butch, femme, trans, boi, Fems etc.
If Levy does arrive at a conclusion about her topic it is that this is still a man’s world.
Nitpicking:
Levy’s critique of Camille Paglia’s anti-feminist essay which infers women make wimpy music cites Madonna as a counter-example, projecting wild energy and cool, implying Madonna is the exemplar of the empowered, have it all woman. (109) But isn’t Madonna the progenitor of the FCP and as responsible for the syndrome as anyone and thus a peculiar choice for a feminist writer to use as to rebut the charges of an anti-feminist?
Levy seems to describe almost every subject’s appearance and assess her attractiveness, implying she has bought into the FCP values she objects to. This sense in reinforced by her use of frat type diction e.g. boobs, tits.
All subjects seem to come from the same part of the socio-economic spectrum: white and reasonably well off. One wonders how FCP values have affected other parts of society.
We decided long ago that the Male Chauvinist Pig was an unenlightened rube, but the Female Chauvinist Pig (PCP) has risen to a kind of exalted status. She is post-feminist. She is funny. She gets it. … Why try to beat them when you can join them? (93)
Raunch provides a special opportunity for a woman who wants to prove her mettle. It’s in fashion and it is something that has traditionally appealed exclusively to men and actively offended women, so producing it or participating in it is a way both to flaunt your coolness and to mark yourself as different, tougher, looser, funnier -- a new sort of loophole woman who is “not like other women,” who instead is “like a man.” (96)
FCP s don’t bother to question the criteria on which women are judged, they are too busy judging other women themselves. (103)
These are not stories about girls getting what they want sexually, they are stories about girls gaining acclaim socially, for which their sexuality is a tool (145-6)
“There’s not really any sluts at my school, but if you walked in there on the your first day, you’d think my whole school was sluts.” (148)
… “girls hook up with other girls because they know the guys will like it,” she said. “They think, Then the guys are going to want to hook up with me and give me a lot of attention “ (150)
The chapter about teenagers, FCPs in Training, is eye opening. All the kids interviewed go to good private schools, but the girls at least all seem to be in the thrall of FCP culture and values. Where are the parents?
Japan and most western European countries have adolescent pregnancy rates of less than 400 per 1000. (Uber-progressive Holland shines with only 12 pregnancies per 1000.) The numbers go up in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, where there are between 40 and 69 teen pregnancies out of every 1000. But in the United States, we have more than 80 teen pregnancies per 1000. (161)
Author: Ariel Levy 2005 200 pp
My rating: 3*
Started February 22 2009, Finished February 22 2009.
This flawed book probes an interesting subject: how the gains of the feminist movement have degenerated to widespread female complicity in raunch/porn culture. The book’s main shortcoming is that it feels like a loosely connected series of magazine articles (Levy writes for New York and The New Yorker) that don’t build on each other and some of which only tangentially bear on the topic. Nonetheless, the better chapters do provide insight into the phenomenon of the current generation of you-can-be-anything-you-want women routinely choosing to employ that freedom to objectify themselves in order to gain the attention of traditionally unenlightened males. The introductory section on the Girls Gone Wild videos and the chapter about an upscale prep school in the Bay Area are the standouts. Off topic (though non necessarily uninteresting chapters) include a discussion of first generation feminists and an overview of the eye-openingly bizarre lesbian scene in San Francisco its members classifying themselves as butch, femme, trans, boi, Fems etc.
If Levy does arrive at a conclusion about her topic it is that this is still a man’s world.
Nitpicking:
Levy’s critique of Camille Paglia’s anti-feminist essay which infers women make wimpy music cites Madonna as a counter-example, projecting wild energy and cool, implying Madonna is the exemplar of the empowered, have it all woman. (109) But isn’t Madonna the progenitor of the FCP and as responsible for the syndrome as anyone and thus a peculiar choice for a feminist writer to use as to rebut the charges of an anti-feminist?
Levy seems to describe almost every subject’s appearance and assess her attractiveness, implying she has bought into the FCP values she objects to. This sense in reinforced by her use of frat type diction e.g. boobs, tits.
All subjects seem to come from the same part of the socio-economic spectrum: white and reasonably well off. One wonders how FCP values have affected other parts of society.
We decided long ago that the Male Chauvinist Pig was an unenlightened rube, but the Female Chauvinist Pig (PCP) has risen to a kind of exalted status. She is post-feminist. She is funny. She gets it. … Why try to beat them when you can join them? (93)
Raunch provides a special opportunity for a woman who wants to prove her mettle. It’s in fashion and it is something that has traditionally appealed exclusively to men and actively offended women, so producing it or participating in it is a way both to flaunt your coolness and to mark yourself as different, tougher, looser, funnier -- a new sort of loophole woman who is “not like other women,” who instead is “like a man.” (96)
FCP s don’t bother to question the criteria on which women are judged, they are too busy judging other women themselves. (103)
These are not stories about girls getting what they want sexually, they are stories about girls gaining acclaim socially, for which their sexuality is a tool (145-6)
“There’s not really any sluts at my school, but if you walked in there on the your first day, you’d think my whole school was sluts.” (148)
… “girls hook up with other girls because they know the guys will like it,” she said. “They think, Then the guys are going to want to hook up with me and give me a lot of attention “ (150)
The chapter about teenagers, FCPs in Training, is eye opening. All the kids interviewed go to good private schools, but the girls at least all seem to be in the thrall of FCP culture and values. Where are the parents?
Japan and most western European countries have adolescent pregnancy rates of less than 400 per 1000. (Uber-progressive Holland shines with only 12 pregnancies per 1000.) The numbers go up in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, where there are between 40 and 69 teen pregnancies out of every 1000. But in the United States, we have more than 80 teen pregnancies per 1000. (161)
Thursday, March 12, 2009
Men Without Women
Men Without Women
Author: Ernest Hemingway 1928 130 pp
My rating: 3.5*
Started March 2 2009, Finished March 3 2009.
Almost every one of the stories in this slim volume packs a punch, sometimes literally. The same potency at double the length would have put this book in the four star category. The salient feature of most of these pieces is that they are compelling tales, generating a sense of tension and expectation that makes the reader want to know what is going to happen. They also provide some insight into the macho component of human behavior. The book lives up to its title with only one of fourteen stories containing a significant female character; the male characters for their part tend to be inexpressive to an almost self-parodying degree. The stories that will last the longest with me are “The Undefeated”, a chronicle of an aging bullfighter with echoes of The Old Man and The Sea, “Fifty Grand” an account of a prizefighter giving his all for one last big pay day, and the haunting “Now I Lay Me” about a convalescing soldier whose wound resulted from a shelling while he slept, who now is afraid of sleep and keeps himself awake by visualizing the fishing holes of his youth.
He knew all about bulls. He did not have to think about them. He just did the right thing. His eyes noted things and his body performed the necessary measures without thought If he though about it, he would be gone (26)
It was bright and cold and the air came cold through the open windshield. (55)
Author: Ernest Hemingway 1928 130 pp
My rating: 3.5*
Started March 2 2009, Finished March 3 2009.
Almost every one of the stories in this slim volume packs a punch, sometimes literally. The same potency at double the length would have put this book in the four star category. The salient feature of most of these pieces is that they are compelling tales, generating a sense of tension and expectation that makes the reader want to know what is going to happen. They also provide some insight into the macho component of human behavior. The book lives up to its title with only one of fourteen stories containing a significant female character; the male characters for their part tend to be inexpressive to an almost self-parodying degree. The stories that will last the longest with me are “The Undefeated”, a chronicle of an aging bullfighter with echoes of The Old Man and The Sea, “Fifty Grand” an account of a prizefighter giving his all for one last big pay day, and the haunting “Now I Lay Me” about a convalescing soldier whose wound resulted from a shelling while he slept, who now is afraid of sleep and keeps himself awake by visualizing the fishing holes of his youth.
He knew all about bulls. He did not have to think about them. He just did the right thing. His eyes noted things and his body performed the necessary measures without thought If he though about it, he would be gone (26)
It was bright and cold and the air came cold through the open windshield. (55)
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